Reanalysis and direct dating of an early modern human neurocranium from the Pes¸tera Cioclovina Uscata¢ (Cioclovina 1), in combination with excavation and reanalysis of the remaining deposits in the cave, establish Cioclovina 1 as one of a small number of European early modern humans securely dated prior to ca. 28,000 14C BP (ca. 32,500 cal BP). The original stratigraphic context and archeological association of Cioclovina 1 are unknown (and probably

Reanalysis and direct dating of an early modern human neurocranium from the Pes¸tera Cioclovina Uscata¢ (Cioclovina 1), in combination with excavation and reanalysis of the remaining deposits in the cave, establish Cioclovina 1 as one of a small number of European early modern humans securely dated prior to ca. 28,000 14C BP (ca. 32,500 cal BP). The original stratigraphic context and archeological association of Cioclovina 1 are unknown (and probably

The early modern human remains from the Pes¸tera Muierii, Romania have been directly dated to
30,000 radiocarbon years before present (
30 ka 14C BP) (
35 ka cal BP) (‘‘calendrical’’ age; based on CalPal 2005) and augment a small sample of securely dated, European, pre-28 ka 14C BP (
32.5 ka cal BP) modern human remains. The Muierii fossils exhibit a suite of derived modern human features, including reduced maxillae with pronounced canine