Exposure to genotoxic agents, such as irradiation produces DNA damage, the toxicity of which is augmented when the DNA repair is impaired. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors were found to be "synthetic lethal" in cells deficient in BRCA1 and BRCA2 that impair homologous recombination. However, since many tumors, including prostate cancer (PCa) rarely have on such mutations, there is considerable interest in finding alternative determinants

The purine analog fludarabine (Fd) is an essential therapeutic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Innate or acquired resistance to Fd is a significant clinical problem and is largely mediated by increased expression of BCL-2 family members. The antiapoptotic BCL-2 family proteins inhibit both apoptosis and autophagy, therefore, downregulation of antiapoptotic BCL-2 family proteins and enhanced autophagy must coexist in cells dying in response

The complex interplay of climate shifts over Eurasia and global sea level changes modulates freshwater and saltwater inputs to the Black Sea. The dynamics of the hydrologic changes from the Late Glacial into the Holocene remain a matter of debate, and information on how these changes affected the ecology of the Black Sea is sparse. Here we used Roche 454 next-generation pyrosequencing of sedimentary 18S rRNA genes to reconstruct the plankton community