Biosensors are one of the recent scientific domains with large applicability in environmental biomonitoring, medicine, and food analysis. Electrochemical biosensors are measuring systems based on the combination of both biochemical and electronic elements in one unit. This short report presents contributions from Romania, Europe and South America to detect organophosphorus (OP) pesticides in water employing sensitive and specific enzymatic sensors

Background: Choline is a required nutrient, and humans deprived of choline develop liver damage. Objective: This study examined the effect of choline deficiency on muscle cells and the release of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) as a sequela of that deficiency. Design: Four men were fed diets containing adequate and deficient amounts of choline, and serum was collected at intervals for measurement of CPK. C2C12 mouse myoblasts were cultured in a defined